PROJET D’APPUI A LA DIFFUSION DES TECHNIQUES AGRO-ECOLOGIQUES A MADAGASCAR RAPPORT GENERAL D’EXECUTION Hautes Terres et Moyen Ouest Rapport de campagne 2005-2006 Démarche, expérimentations, dispositifs Résultats agro-technico-économiques sur les hautes terres de Madagascar (Moyen Ouest et hautes terres)

Direct-seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) now provide an interesting cost-effective alternative for farmers, especially in developing countries, while alleviating environmental degradation and enhancing farmers'production competitiveness. DMC techniques have many agronomic, environmental an economic benefits that have proven effective in diverse settings (mechanized farming, smallholdings). These alternative cropping systems gives hope to many countries for sustainable and highly productive agricultural development.

Rapport de mission à Madagascar en 2006 de L. Séguy - Suivi-Evaluation de l'opération diffusion des techniques agroécologiques avec TAFA: systèmes de culture sur couverture végétale permanente SCV. - Recommandations au développement et à la recherche en appui sur sites des hauts plateaux, moyen Ouest, côte Ouest, Sud Ouest et Lac Alaotra. Questions de recherche: lutte contre ravageurs du sol, contrôle des pestes végétales , défrichement moins destructeur, riz poly-aptitudes pour altitude, pluvial ou irrigué

Ce dossier consacré à cette nouvelle agriculture, est le fruit d'une collaboration entre l'AFD, le Cirad, le MAE et le FFEM. Il a pour objectif de faire connaître cette véritable révolution agronomique au-delà du petit cercle des chercheurs impliqués. Nous espérons que ce dossier apportera une contribution utile aux efforts déployés par tous les partenaires des actions soutenues par l'aide française dans ce domaine, pour promouvoir une agriculture à la fois rentable et durable. La dégradation des sols dans le monde n'est pas une fatalité. Nous pouvons donner aux générations actuelles et futures les moyens de s'en préserver.

About 250 farmers have tried comparing cereal cultivation under direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) against the traditional cropping practices from year 2001 to 2004. The on-farm tested systems include mixed cropping of a cereal (maize, sorghum, millet) and a cover crop (mucuna, brachiaria, crotalaria, cowpea, dolichos). These mixed cropping practices are done for the following objectives: 1) Produce aboveground biomass to build-up mulch for the following season's crop (mainly cotton). 2) Soil improvement through the physical and chemical (produce N) contribution of the associated plants. 3) Forage production. 4) Weed control. 5) Protect the soil surface against erosion and rain impact. 6) Produce consumable grains for man and animals. Up till present the tested plants meet the above objectives differentially and are adapted to the local agro climatic conditions of North Cameroon (rainfall from 700 to 1200 mm). Thus Brachiaria ruzisiensis produces aboveground biomass in quantities (4-5 t/ha even under mixed cropping) and quality (persisting as mulch for over one year after production). Further, it is very efficient in controlling Striga and is a good forage crop. However, it can impoverish the soils if its biomass is exported several times without any fertiliser supplements since it is not a nitrogen fixing plant. On the contrary Crotalaria retusa is a nitrogen fixing plant and therefore enriching the soils. This plant is less palatable to animals and therefore advantageous to farmers who cannot protect their farmland from pasturing animals in the dry season. It is equally very efficient in controlling weeds. Four years of experimentation has enabled us to produce practical recommendations in mixed cropping on the following : sowing date, crop type, tolerance to herbicides, competition with cereals, etc. This experimentation has also enabled us to see how the various plants tie with the above-mentioned objectives. On-going research work is on the following: 1) Diversifying the range of plant material available, focusing on local varieties. 2) Extending these cropping techniques to cover vertisols covering tens of thousands of hectares in North Cameroon. 3) Introducing these plants at the beginning and at the end of the cycle of the main crop in order to better use early and the late rains.

14 participants ont participé à cette première formation étalée sur 3 semaines (128 heures) au sein de l’UEPG et financée par le MAE dans le cadre du PTA 1ière phase. L’UEPG (Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa) est située dans l’Etat du Parana (sud Brésil, 12° sud latitude, 900 à 1000 m d’altitude, 1500 mm pluies / an). Cette région est le berceau du semis - direct au Brésil.La formation a été le fruit d'une collaboration ancienne de J.C.M. Sa (enseignant chercheur du Département des Sciences du Sol et de l’Ingéniérie Agricole) et de L. Séguy (agronome animateur de l’UR SCV).

The mission took place from 8 to 18 may 2005. Financed by AFD, it was requested by the Laotian Ministry of industry, NTPC and AFD. It was conducted within the framework of the coming resettlement of farmers whose present land on Nakai plateau will be flooded by water impounded by the Nam Theun dam at the end of 2009.

Diverses fiches techniques (EN/FR)sur solutions techniques en semis direct SCV: sur principes de contrôles anti-érosifs en zone de montagne, sur diverses couvertures (brachiaria, arachis, stylosanthès, mucuna, avoine, etc ....), sur écobuage, et sur contrôle adventices, etc... Various technical sheets about recomendations for mountainous agrarian systems in DMC : principles and applications, various cover plants, mulching, soil smouldering, weed control,

General results: reduction of labour very positive. Gain in weeding operations makes agriculture more adapted to women and children or even farmers weaken by HIV-AIDS. Good adoption of manual direct planters (11 “planting canes” and 6”sowing wheels”).