Les Cerrados de la zone tropicale humide du Brésil couvrent 200 millions d’hectares, dont 50 millions sont potentiellement utilisables pour une agriculture intensive. Leur mise en culture à la fin des années 1970 dans l’état du Mato Grosso, à partir de techniques de travail intensif du sol importees des pays du Nord et des grandes monocultures industrielles, a fortement dégradé le capital. Pour répondre rapidement et durablement à cet echec, le CIRAD et ses partenaires du développement ont construit dès 1985, puis maîtrisé et diffusé progressivement des systèmes de culture en semis direct sur couverture végétale permanente du sol en accompagnant l’avancée des fronts pionniers dans la région Centre Nord Mato Grosso : d’abord les Cerrados de la région de Lucas do Rio Verde, berceau de l’élaboration des techniques de Semis Direct en Zone Tropicale Humide (ZTH), puis rapidement plus au Nord, en zone de forêts dans les régions de Sorriso et Sinop pour précéder l’arrivée du front pionnier et lui offrir des alternatives diversifiées d’agriculture durable de faible impact sur l’environnement, dès son arrivée.

Ouvrage de vulgarisation sur principes fonctionnement SCV: litières, biodiversité fonctionnelle, activité biologique; comparaison systèmes conventionnels pour et SCV sur dynamique MO, fertilité, contrôle herbicide, santé plantes.

Most farming practices are detrimental to soil organic matter reserves, leading to a significant decrease in biological activity and an increased risk of erosion. Soil invertebrate populations (macrofauna) are also sharply reduced in annual crop systems. The role of macrofauna in pedological processes and in the regulation of microbial activity has been fully described (Lavelle et al., 1999). Some agroecological practices and especially plant covers straw mulch or perennial plants intercropped with annual crops can enhance the sustainability of tropical cropping systems (Séguy et al., 1996). This study was aimed at assessing the effects of two plant covers (greater bird's food trefoil, Lotus uliginosus, and oat, Avena sativa) on soil macrofauna populations in Réunion (Indian Ocean).

In order to put in place a suitable advisory system, in an integrated approach at the terroir level, it is necessary to master a range of cropping systems adapted to local conditions. This requires identifying the nature of the most appropriate crops and the order of their succession and/or association, as well as the operational sequence to be applied to these crops or crop associations.

Arachis pintoï est une légumineuse (famille des Fabaceae) pérennes, non volubile, de type C3.L’arachide pintoï est originaire d’Amérique du Sud (Brésil) où elle se développe dans les forêts peu denses. Elle est cultivée en zones tropicales et sub-tropicales humides, en Asie du Sud-Est, Amériques et dans l’Océan Pacifique.

Encapsulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) within aggregates is one of the principal mechanisms for long-term C sequestration, macroaggregate formation and stabilization. Our objectives were to quantify the changes in aggregate size distribution, aggregate-C concentrations and stocks upon conversion of native vegetation (NV) to conventional plow-based tillage (CT), and to assess the rate of aggregation and SOC recovery with no-till (NT) under diverse biomass-C inputs. The study was conducted at both sub-tropical (Ponta Grossa – PG, State of Parana´ ) and tropical (Lucas do Rio Verde – LRV, State of Mato Grosso) sites in Brazil. The SOC content under NV was used as a baseline to evaluate the depletion rate under CT and the restoration rate under NT. A speci?c emphasis was given to the largest macroaggregate size class (8– 19 mm) because of its importance to protecting the recently deposited labile SOC. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) indicated that NV soil is modi?ed by conversion to an arable land use and that, mechanical tillage, biomass input, and their interactions drastically in?uence the distribution of aggregate-size classes, aggregation indices, and SOC distribution within aggregates. At both sites, soil aggregation indices were positively impacted by NT and associated with SOC concentration in the labile fractions (e.g., total polysaccharides (TPS), hot water extractable organic C (HWEOC), particulate organic C (POC)). At the PG site, the 8–19 mm aggregate size fraction was signi?cantly affected by land use and tillage treatments and represented 54%, 43%, and 72%, under NV, CT, and NT in 0–20 cm depth, respectively. Furthermore, the 8–19 mm size fraction stored 55%, 45%, and 71% of the total SOC stock under NV (53.8 Mg C ha-1), CT (28.5 Mg C ha-1) and NT (51.2 Mg C ha-1), respectively. At the LRV site, the 8–19 mm aggregate size fraction decreased from 50% under Cerrado NV to 35% under CT, and ranged from 33% to 51% under diverse biomass-C input under NT in 0–20 cm depth. The 8–19 mm size fraction stored 52%, 37%, and 41% of the total SOC stock across all aggregate sizes under NV (25.4 Mg C ha-1), CT (11.7 Mg C ha-1), and NT (9.9–18.1 Mg C ha-1), respectively. The difference in SOC stock among land uses is largely attributed to storage in the 8–19 mm aggregate size class, indicating that NT cropping systems rebuilt the largest macroaggregates, which are crucial for stabilization of SOC.

Based on the understanding of soil/plants/microorganisms interactions and the importance of the primary biomass production in the functioning of the soil system, OMC introduces multifunctional cover crops, growing intercropped or in sequence with the main commercial crop. The introduction of cover crops leads to better utilization of available natural resources, maximization of biomass production and higher organic restitutions to the soil system.

Version portugaise des chapitres 1 et 2 du Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar, présentant les principes, le fonctionnement et la gestion des systèmes en SCV.

Macro aggregates disruption, enhanced soil aeration and mixing of residues into the soil induced changes in microbial communities’ activity and organic C losses.

Version espagnole des chapitres 1 et 2 du Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar, présentant les principes, le fonctionnement et la gestion des systèmes en SCV.