Rapport de mission à Madagascar en 2006 de L. Séguy - Suivi-Evaluation de l'opération diffusion des techniques agroécologiques avec TAFA: systèmes de culture sur couverture végétale permanente SCV. - Recommandations au développement et à la recherche en appui sur sites des hauts plateaux, moyen Ouest, côte Ouest, Sud Ouest et Lac Alaotra. Questions de recherche: lutte contre ravageurs du sol, contrôle des pestes végétales , défrichement moins destructeur, riz poly-aptitudes pour altitude, pluvial ou irrigué

Bibliographie CIRAD sur SCV par type de document (au 07/04/2006)

Orientations ministère de l'agriculture & forêts du Laos, données macro-économiques, déforestation, érosion, agro-écologie,

Rapport de mission, Résultats expérimentaux, Evolutions des rendements, Sorgho, Coton, Maïs, Riz.

The present study was carried out in the cotton belt in the Far-North Province of Cameroon. It has been focused on the physical properties of soils under mulch-based cropping systems. The experimental design was drawn from one on Direct seeding Mulch-based Cropping system (DMC) trial location under a controlled conditions in the region of Kaéle (700-800 mm mean annual rainfall), and where a network of 20 farmers is carrying out on-farm trials in the region of Maroua (800 mm mean annual rainfall),. Plots under mulch-based cropping systems established 2, 3 or 4 years ago were compared against farmers' traditional plots under direct seeding without mulch or with tillage practice. These plots were cropped with sorghum or cotton. Using the gravimetric method it has been shown that the apparent density of soils on the upper horizons under DMC was lower compared to soils from the farmers' traditional cropping systems. Bulk density values lie between 1.2 g/cm3 to 1.5 g/cm3 against 1.6 g/cm3 to 1.7 g/cm3 for farmers' traditional control plots. These results are due to an increase in soil porosity induced probably by a higher soil biological activity. A better water infiltration was also obtained'under DMC against the farmers' traditional systems. These mean infiltration values were obtained using the double ring and «Beer can» methods, and lie between 0.9 to 5 mm min-1 for the mulch-based system against 0.6 to 1 mm min-1 for the farmers' traditional systems. This study shows that after a period of less than 3 years under DMC an improvement of the physical properties of the soil was clearly obtained, notably soil porosity and consequently soil water dynamics. This improvement affects the soil water availability and therefore water supply to the crops.

About 250 farmers have tried comparing cereal cultivation under direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) against the traditional cropping practices from year 2001 to 2004. The on-farm tested systems include mixed cropping of a cereal (maize, sorghum, millet) and a cover crop (mucuna, brachiaria, crotalaria, cowpea, dolichos). These mixed cropping practices are done for the following objectives: 1) Produce aboveground biomass to build-up mulch for the following season's crop (mainly cotton). 2) Soil improvement through the physical and chemical (produce N) contribution of the associated plants. 3) Forage production. 4) Weed control. 5) Protect the soil surface against erosion and rain impact. 6) Produce consumable grains for man and animals. Up till present the tested plants meet the above objectives differentially and are adapted to the local agro climatic conditions of North Cameroon (rainfall from 700 to 1200 mm). Thus Brachiaria ruzisiensis produces aboveground biomass in quantities (4-5 t/ha even under mixed cropping) and quality (persisting as mulch for over one year after production). Further, it is very efficient in controlling Striga and is a good forage crop. However, it can impoverish the soils if its biomass is exported several times without any fertiliser supplements since it is not a nitrogen fixing plant. On the contrary Crotalaria retusa is a nitrogen fixing plant and therefore enriching the soils. This plant is less palatable to animals and therefore advantageous to farmers who cannot protect their farmland from pasturing animals in the dry season. It is equally very efficient in controlling weeds. Four years of experimentation has enabled us to produce practical recommendations in mixed cropping on the following : sowing date, crop type, tolerance to herbicides, competition with cereals, etc. This experimentation has also enabled us to see how the various plants tie with the above-mentioned objectives. On-going research work is on the following: 1) Diversifying the range of plant material available, focusing on local varieties. 2) Extending these cropping techniques to cover vertisols covering tens of thousands of hectares in North Cameroon. 3) Introducing these plants at the beginning and at the end of the cycle of the main crop in order to better use early and the late rains.

Artigo originalmente publicado sob o título Impacts des systèmes de culture en semis direct avec couverture végétale (SCV) sur la dynamique de l'eau, de l'azote minéral et du carbone du sol dans les cerrados brésiliens, no periódico Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones/Agricultures. Volume 14, Numéro 1, 71-75, janvier-février 2005. Nas regiões tropicais, principalmente no Cerrado brasileiro, para assegurar uma produção agrícola sustentável, é preciso recorrer a novos sistemas de cultura. Por isso, foi desenvolvido o Sistema de Plantio Direto com Cobertura Vegetal (SPDCV), que preconiza o não-revolvimento do solo e o cultivo de plantas de cobertura, antes ou depois da cultura comercial, para produzir mais biomassa e proteger permanentemente o solo. Desde 1999, vários estudos vêm sendo realizados no âmbito de um projeto de pesquisa franco-brasileiro. O principal objetivo foi quantificar os efeitos do SPDCV sobre a dinâmica da água, do nitrogênio e do carbono no perfil do solo. Os resultados permitiram confirmar que o uso desse sistema diminui significativamente o escoamento superficial e a erosão hídrica do solo. Nele, a oferta global de nitrogênio para a cultura comercial é maior. Além do mais, a planta de cobertura pode aproveitar a água e o nitrogênio não utilizados pela planta comercial para produzir mais biomassa, restituindo nutrientes para a próxima cultura comercial. Considerando as importantes restituições de biomassa proporcionadas por esse novo sistema a várias espécies cultivadas por ano, o SPDCV resultou em um balanço positivo de carbono e no aumento da taxa de matéria orgânica do solo. Termos para indexação: plantas de coberturas, reciclagem, utilização de biomassa, matéria orgânica, modelagem.

Les systèmes de cultures en semis direct sur couverture végétale (SCV) réduisent les ruissellements et contrôlent l’érosion (Scopel et al., 1998). De plus grandes quantités d’eau sont donc potentiellement disponibles pour les cultures. Selon l’environnement pédoclimatique elles pourront améliorer leur consommation, permettre même parfois de rajouter une dérobée ou succession, mais pourront aussi augmenter les drainages et risques de lixiviations si les cultures ne peuvent les valoriser.

Direct seeding, Mulch-based, Conservation agriculture (DMC) systems are being extended in Madagascar in view of reducing erosion and loss of fertility of hill slope soils observed in conventional rainfed systems. However, little is known on their effects on infestation and damage to crops (particularly rice) by soil insect pests and Striga. While in the regions around Lake Alaotra and Manakara, dramatic damage by black beetles (Heteronychus spp.: Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) was observed on rice cropped on mulch , attacks by these pests were reduced after a few years of DMC management in the Highlands of the Vakinankaratra region . On the other hand, in the Middle-West of Vakinankaratra, where Striga asiatica (Scrophulariaceae)has become a major constraint to staple cereal crop cultivation in rainfed systems, infestation of rice and maize by this parasite was drastically reduced after just one year of DMC management based on dead or live mulches, compared to the traditional plough-based system . The objective of the studies presented was to elucidate the factors accountable for reduction in infestation and damage by soil insect pests and Striga in DMC rainfed rice/soybean-based systems, with particular emphasis on its effect on natural enemies of pests.

Cette mission a été effectuée à la demande de l'équipe SCV du projet PASE pour bénéficier des quelques acquis du Cameroun. Elle a été financée par le Programme Transversal d'Accompagnement du plan d'action agro-écologie du FFEM, AFD, MAE, CIRAD. Ce rapport reprend les grandes lignes du projet SCV du PASE qui vient de débuter au Mali. Nous en profiterons pour faire le point sur les comparaisons à faire avec le dispositif mis en place au Cameroun.