Economic growth in North Cameroon is based on agriculture relying mainly on the cotton crop. Confronted with the short-comings agricultural intensification model developed 30 years ago which rely on the use of mineral fertiliser and draught animals and the integration of animal and crop production, SODECOTON in collaboration with CIRAD and IRAD are working towards developing Direct seeding Mulch-based Cropping systems (DMC) for the cotton crop and related crops in rotation. Adoption of these systems by farmers is being met with certain difficulties, notably those related with work organisation within the farm holding, poor land tenure regime, rational use of plant biomass between animal feed and soil mulch. Some of these constraints cannot be analysed only at the level of the cropping system nor at that of the farm holdings, since the rules of decision-making do not depend entirely on the farm family head. This work describes the present state of natural resource and land use management at different levels, by grazers and farmers of two village communities and their environs. At the level of farm holdings a structural type-description was done in order to bring out the various strengths and weaknesses in the adoption of DMCfrom the standpoint of the different farmers. Visit of on-farm experimental fields and plots were organised for farmers and grazers. These visits provided a forum for debate in which the system's weaknesses were corrected so as to render the mulchbased cropping system compatible with grazer practices, fodder-biomass and landed-property management.

The present study was carried out in the cotton belt in the Far-North Province of Cameroon. It has been focused on the physical properties of soils under mulch-based cropping systems. The experimental design was drawn from one on Direct seeding Mulch-based Cropping system (DMC) trial location under a controlled conditions in the region of Kaéle (700-800 mm mean annual rainfall), and where a network of 20 farmers is carrying out on-farm trials in the region of Maroua (800 mm mean annual rainfall),. Plots under mulch-based cropping systems established 2, 3 or 4 years ago were compared against farmers' traditional plots under direct seeding without mulch or with tillage practice. These plots were cropped with sorghum or cotton. Using the gravimetric method it has been shown that the apparent density of soils on the upper horizons under DMC was lower compared to soils from the farmers' traditional cropping systems. Bulk density values lie between 1.2 g/cm3 to 1.5 g/cm3 against 1.6 g/cm3 to 1.7 g/cm3 for farmers' traditional control plots. These results are due to an increase in soil porosity induced probably by a higher soil biological activity. A better water infiltration was also obtained'under DMC against the farmers' traditional systems. These mean infiltration values were obtained using the double ring and «Beer can» methods, and lie between 0.9 to 5 mm min-1 for the mulch-based system against 0.6 to 1 mm min-1 for the farmers' traditional systems. This study shows that after a period of less than 3 years under DMC an improvement of the physical properties of the soil was clearly obtained, notably soil porosity and consequently soil water dynamics. This improvement affects the soil water availability and therefore water supply to the crops.

Direct seeding Mulch based Cropping systems (DMC) under Eau Sol Arbre (ESA) project Since 1994 Sodecoton, through the DPGT and ESA projects, has popularised several techniques for soil fertility maintenance on over 150 000 ha in the north of Cameroon (Sadou et al, 2005): This include anti-erosion management (weeded bands, stone lines and reach,....), leguminous trees planting and preservation in cultivated fields (preservation of Acacia albida tree), promotion of organic manure. In addition to these large scale extension actions, conservation agriculture (CA) was experimented through cropping systems improvement approach developed by CIRAD, based on DMC (Direct seeding - Mulchbased - Cropping systems) practices. From 2001 to 2005, DMC techniques were designed and tested by more than 70 farmers in their fields in North and Far North provinces of Cameroon.

On farm trials in CA are very useful. They provide farmer’s opinions on experimented techniques and enable to take them into account when designing DMC features. But the monitoring is expensive and sometimes fastidious. After these 4 years of trials in farmers’ fields, the effort will be focused on the training of Sodecoton extension team that will be in charge of CA extension to a large scale. At a research point of view, the remaining topics to be focused on are: + selection of adapted fertilisation according to cover plants used in the rotation + selection of herbicide treatment to decrease labour on the field with more weeds (North province) when mulching is not sufficient + production of biomass the same year of the cotton, taking advantage of the first rain of the season.

Rapport de mission, Résultats expérimentaux, Evolutions des rendements, Sorgho, Coton, Maïs, Riz.

About 250 farmers have tried comparing cereal cultivation under direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC) against the traditional cropping practices from year 2001 to 2004. The on-farm tested systems include mixed cropping of a cereal (maize, sorghum, millet) and a cover crop (mucuna, brachiaria, crotalaria, cowpea, dolichos). These mixed cropping practices are done for the following objectives: 1) Produce aboveground biomass to build-up mulch for the following season's crop (mainly cotton). 2) Soil improvement through the physical and chemical (produce N) contribution of the associated plants. 3) Forage production. 4) Weed control. 5) Protect the soil surface against erosion and rain impact. 6) Produce consumable grains for man and animals. Up till present the tested plants meet the above objectives differentially and are adapted to the local agro climatic conditions of North Cameroon (rainfall from 700 to 1200 mm). Thus Brachiaria ruzisiensis produces aboveground biomass in quantities (4-5 t/ha even under mixed cropping) and quality (persisting as mulch for over one year after production). Further, it is very efficient in controlling Striga and is a good forage crop. However, it can impoverish the soils if its biomass is exported several times without any fertiliser supplements since it is not a nitrogen fixing plant. On the contrary Crotalaria retusa is a nitrogen fixing plant and therefore enriching the soils. This plant is less palatable to animals and therefore advantageous to farmers who cannot protect their farmland from pasturing animals in the dry season. It is equally very efficient in controlling weeds. Four years of experimentation has enabled us to produce practical recommendations in mixed cropping on the following : sowing date, crop type, tolerance to herbicides, competition with cereals, etc. This experimentation has also enabled us to see how the various plants tie with the above-mentioned objectives. On-going research work is on the following: 1) Diversifying the range of plant material available, focusing on local varieties. 2) Extending these cropping techniques to cover vertisols covering tens of thousands of hectares in North Cameroon. 3) Introducing these plants at the beginning and at the end of the cycle of the main crop in order to better use early and the late rains.

In mulch-based cropping systems, soil cover harbours a lot of organisms that may improve soil fertility but may also affect crop health. In the cotton systems of Cameroon, some millipedes (Diplopoda: Julidae) could become important pests by provoking important seedling damages. This study assesses the influence of mulch on the stand and health of cotton seedlings, as well as diagnoses emergence constraints. Two different assays were carried out during the growing season, one withCalopogonium mucunoides (2001) and the other withBrachiaria ruzisiensis (2002), both as cover crop mulches. The two studied factors were (1) presence or absence of mulch and (2) seed protection (insecticide and/or fungicide). Cotton seeding in non tilled soil showed that seedling stand was globally inferior under mulch compared to nude soil. In the supposed absence of soil structure or texture differences, this constraint seemed to come from exacerbated pressure of soil pests, for which mulch provides favourable habitat. With equivalent insecticide protection, seedling stand resulted significantly greater on nude soil, with less visible symptoms of attacks. On the other hand, mulch provided better growth of seedlings, associated with greater aphid infestation but balanced by seeding precocity that permits escape from delayed arrival of aphids. The major risk associated with seedling in mulch-based cotton is soil pests, whose species impact should be assessed to define sustainable control strategy based on the preservation of beneficial soil macrofauna.

Cette mission a été effectuée à la demande de l'équipe SCV du projet PASE pour bénéficier des quelques acquis du Cameroun. Elle a été financée par le Programme Transversal d'Accompagnement du plan d'action agro-écologie du FFEM, AFD, MAE, CIRAD. Ce rapport reprend les grandes lignes du projet SCV du PASE qui vient de débuter au Mali. Nous en profiterons pour faire le point sur les comparaisons à faire avec le dispositif mis en place au Cameroun.

Cette mission a été réalisée à la demande du directeur général de la Socoma (société cotonnière du Gourma) sur financement DAGRIS dans le cadre des accords CIRAD-DAGRIS. Elle avait 3 objectifs: +Informer les agents de la Socoma et des représentants de paysans sur le SCV. +Conseiller la Socoma sur un dispositif expérimental « léger » à mettre en place pour la saison 2005. + Former plus en profondeur les agents Socoma en charge de ce dispositif.

L'analyse des systèmes de production et des pratiques de cultures dans le nord du Cameroun et dans l'ouest et le sud-ouest de Madagascar nous a permis d'identifier différentes contraintes des systèmes traditionnels (systèmes employés depuis des générations) et conventionnels (proposés par les vulgarisateurs). En considérant tout le système d'exploitation, dans son contexte économique ou environnemental, des nouveaux systèmes de culture ont été proposés, associant le semis direct et une couverture végétale permanente du sol. Ces nouveaux systèmes prennent en compte les principales contraintes des systèmes traditionnels ou conventionnels. , Ils permettent le semis précoce, réduisent les goulots d'étranglement des besoins en main d'oeuvre, ainsi que les coûts de production, tout en permettant de contrôler les adventices, d'optimiser l'usage de l'eau. La fertilité des sols n'est plus dégradée et une meilleure intégration de l'élevage aux systèmes de culture devient possible grâce à une augmentation de la qualité et de la quantité de biomasse produite...