Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is known as a very invasive weed, difficult to get rid of. All over the world, practices have been developed to try to eradicate this widely spread and common weed (Burton and Hanna, 1984). They are often based on intense land preparation with several ploughings, especially at the beginning of the dry season, and important work for removing the rhizomes and weeding during the cultivation period. However, Cynodon dactylon is a good forage, widely used by farmers to feed their animals. But it also has several properties of a good cover crop: growing on poor soil, rapidly covering the soil and thus preventing erosion, having a deep and dense rooting system (improving soil structure, recycling nutrients), suppressing most other weeds, etc. Trying to get benefit from these qualities instead of fighting against this «weed», TAFA (Tany sy Fampandrosoana) and CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), with farmers, have developed techniques of direct seeding, using Cynodon dactylon as a soil cover, in various agro-ecological areas of Madagascar.

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is known as a very invasive weed, difficult to get rid of. All over the world, practices have been developed to try to eradicate this widely spread and common weed (Burton and Hanna, 1984). They are often based on intense land preparation with several ploughings and important work for removing the rhizomes and weeding. However, Cynodon dactylon is a good forage and has several properties of a good cover crop: growing on poor soil, rapidly covering the soil and thus preventing erosion, having a deep and dense rooting system (improving soil structure, recycling nutrients), suppressing most other weeds, etc. Trying to get benefit from these qualities, TAFA and CIRAD have developed with farmers techniques of direct seeding, using Cynodon dactylon as a soil cover.

Developing and maintaining water control in paddy fields is difficult, costly and requires sufficient water reserves. Thus, even in the main rice growing area of Madagascar, the Alaotra lake region (800 metres above sea level), only 30 000 ha of paddy fields can be properly irrigated when over 70 000 ha will remain under poor water control. In these fields, traditional techniques based on irrigated cropping practices are very unreliable: late transplanting (which can be done only when sufficient water is available) and occurence of dry conditions at the end of the plant cycle lead to usually low yields (0.8 to 1 t/ha on average) and production is very unreliable (from nil, during the dry years to 3t/ha when rains are favourable), which makes crop intensification very hazardous. For such situations, a change in paradigm is proposed: abandoning irrigated practice and making the choice of growing upland or ",poly-aptitude", rice varieties (SEBOTA) with agro-ecological practices adapted to the specific field water regime.

Direct seeding, Mulch-based, Conservation agriculture (DMC) systems are being extended in Madagascar in view of reducing erosion and loss of fertility of hill slope soils observed in conventional rainfed systems. However, little is known on their effects on infestation and damage to crops (particularly rice) by soil insect pests and Striga. While in the regions around Lake Alaotra and Manakara, dramatic damage by black beetles (Heteronychus spp.: Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) was observed on rice cropped on mulch , attacks by these pests were reduced after a few years of DMC management in the Highlands of the Vakinankaratra region . On the other hand, in the Middle-West of Vakinankaratra, where Striga asiatica (Scrophulariaceae)has become a major constraint to staple cereal crop cultivation in rainfed systems, infestation of rice and maize by this parasite was drastically reduced after just one year of DMC management based on dead or live mulches, compared to the traditional plough-based system . The objective of the studies presented was to elucidate the factors accountable for reduction in infestation and damage by soil insect pests and Striga in DMC rainfed rice/soybean-based systems, with particular emphasis on its effect on natural enemies of pests.

In Madagascar Highlands, population pressure and intensive rice cultivation in the lowlands has led to cultivation on the fragile, low fertility soils of the hillsides. Fertilisation being limited, yields remain low while erosion leads to paddy field silting-up and destruction of downstream infrastructures. To overcome these problems, experiments on direct planting on permanent soil cover (DPPSC) have been conducted since 1991 in the Andranomanelatra farm and since 1994 in farmers' fields, covering a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic situations

Influence de la fréquence et de l'intensité de la combustion selon le type de sols de tanety

En Afrique, le prix élevé des engrais, ou leur indisponibilité, empêche les agriculteurs aux faibles ressources d'intensifier les cultures sur les sols dégradés, peu fertiles. Sur les Hautes-Terres malgaches, la saturation des bas fonds rizicoles et la forte pression démographique accélèrent la mise en culture des collines aux sols essentiellement ferrallitiques, pauvres et fragiles. De plus, sous l'effet des basses températures, la matière organique évolue lentement et piège des éléments utiles pour les plantes (Chabanne et al., 1996). Le sol soumis aux feux de brousse et aux labours successifs, subit une érosion qui ensable les rizières et détruit les aménagements. Face à ces contraintes, l'écobuage associé au Semis Direct sur Couverture Végétale Permanente (S.C.V.) a été expérimenté afin d'améliorer durablement la productivité avec un minimum d'intrants.

The soils in hilly and densely populated areas in the “Hautes-Terres” region of Madagascar are mainly ferrallitic and thus fragile, relatively infertile and prone to erosion. In addition, under low temperature conditions, organic matter breaks down very slowly and traps nutrients that are essential for crops. Direct seeding systems on plant cover offer a broad range of benefits, including erosion control and soil fertility enhancement. However, yield mprovements are low because farmers —focusing chiefly on their immediate survival— apply very little fertilizer. Facing these constraints, soil smouldering, associated with direct seeding on vegetal cover, should allow a sustainable improvement of the production, with minimum inputs.

In the Hautes-Terres region of Madagascar, population pressure is accelerating the conversion of hilly areas with fragile and relatively infertile soils into cropland. As fertilizers are limited, crop yields remain low and erosion is destroying rice fields. Instead of clearing areas fallowed with Aristida sp. by burning, ibis biomass can be kept for use as mulch and for ",soil smouldering", (écobuage). The effects of this strategy were found to be spectacular, i.e. boosting rainfed rice yields to levels that could bc achieved with high chemical fertilizer inputs-to which farmers have no access for financial reasons. All fuels used (Aristida sp. or barley straw, rice husks, and Acacia mearnsii branches) significantly inereased crop yields relative to the control (without soil smouldering). A residual effect was noted in the second year, especially on volcanic soils with high organic matter levels. Hence, sustainable cropping systems that fulfil farmers' needs while protecting their rice fields can be developed through the use of soil smouldering-performed just once to boost soil fertility-associated with direct seeding techniques.

Fiches pour gestion agrobiologique des sols : guide pour la mise en place d'itinéraires techniques reproductibles dans les hauts sous le vent de La Réunion avec la couverture de lotier